"Word vectors" attempt to quantify meaning by plotting words in a high-dimensional space; words that are semantically related end up close to each other in the space. )), and many of the candidates are over-indexed to one or two of the targets at the expense of others. Outgoing links whose titles contain but are not equal to the term are not included, because it would otherwise result in Quarterback being a term page for back, even though they arent closely associated. Crossword Clue, '___ river . Codenames is a fun 4-8 player word based game. Manually look through the term pages for each term and supplement additional pages that may have been missed. For each term count in a clue page, the score for the clue and term is calculated as, min(1, PageRank of clue page / 6) * 10.7^term count. The PageRank score of each clue page is calculated to determine how obscure it is. For example, night sounds like knight, but these two words don't mean the same thing. Notably, all of these clues are vastly better than "COMMODITIES," which is the one I came up with. Using openCV: use the matchTemplate function to be able to identify the each cell on the grid and find their locations. This may dilute the quality metric by having it be mostly composed of negative scores. Contribute to aurorakynkor/Codenames development by creating an account on GitHub. You will first be prompted for the path to the word2vec model (See the requirements section). Proper names are always valid clues if they follow the other rules. The game is interesting because it requires you to connect far-flung concepts precisely enough that other people can re-create your associations. Even land is a valid clue for ENGLAND. But a future iteration of this project could add more codenames to vary the This is all pretty easy to express in code: I've been playing lots of Codenames with my friends and have gathered some data along the way. Using the ConceptNet API and the sqlite3 package, I built a database of related words and their 'relatednesses' for 25 words from the Codenames wordset (the minimum (Quietly, so the others can't hear). Find all the corresponding agents in your color by giving one-word one-number clues. During a team's turn, the spymaster will give a clue that consists of a word and a number. Simply type in the word you'd like us to use to generate your riddle Generate Riddle Disclaimer! For example, the term Conductor should have the term page Electrical_conductor.. ###Database injection Some considerations: In addition to using clue pages to identify clues, term pages can also be processed to find potential clues. If the opposing spymaster allows it, the clue is valid. You can give the clue k-n-i-g-h-t even when NIGHT is one of the codenames on the table. Should they be penalized just because theyre niche? Regardless of what method you use, there are several problems: A common way to generate datasets for bespoke targets is through Amazon Mechanical Turk , where you can get people to complete arbitrary tasks online for money. The result is that a page with 3 links to 3 different terms will have a score of 3. The goal of each team is to flip over all of the cards of their color using clues. aslan didn't have a chance of appearing since it didn't make the original cutoff for inclusion in the dictionary (it's about the 57,000th word). This site is dedicated to promoting board games. Since we are in the global pandemic and board game nights became the new date nights for my partner and I, I have decided to create a helper to assist me in winning this game more often. Even if you don't allow multiword proper names, you might want to make an exception for place names like New York. Refine the search results by specifying the number of letters. Codenames Clue Generator. I propose that we could potentially focus on getting people to evaluate clue similarity or dissimilarity to a set of words. 'codenames' board game clue generator. Some clues are invalid because they violate the spirit of the game. Luckily, Stanford has published a data set of pre-trained vectors, the Global Vectors for Word Representation, or GloVe for short. Some groups like the rules one way. The advantage is that they may guess as many words as they want. For example, the term Mammoth is never used in the clue page Animal, while Animal is mentioned several times in the term page for Mammoth. By processing term pages, Animal will be discovered as a clue for Mammoth.. In order to summarize clue quality in a single number, we consider the benefits and penalties associated with the outcome of guessing a card on the table. Each team has a codemaster, who take turns For instance, "Nature 3". This removes the need to evaluate multiple objectives simultaneously, and increases the amount of data we could collect per dollar. Below are all possible answers to this clue ordered by its rank. There are two teams, each Theatre and theater are different forms of the same word). If they select a card belonging to their team, they can continue guessing, but if they flip over a card that doesnt, their turn is immediately ended and they could suffer the negative consequences of potentially flipping over the other teams card, bringing them closer to their goal, or flipping over the double agent card and instantly losing the game. If you aren't that strong on spelling, ask the opposing spymaster for help. For example, the Organ_(anatomy) page in the Wikipedia titles database has since been renamed to Organ_(biology).. The trouble is that a candidate that is close to one or two of the targets but far from the third can still score welldespite being a bad clue for that very reason. The overall structure remains the same, but we need some way to determine which of our teams cards to include in the clue. It's a computationally intense procedure. Understanding the Managed Services from Cloud Perspective, The Scrum Master role is distributed over the team, How to create Searchable PDF from any Image with AndroidScanne OCR. Indeed, a version of the model that arbitrarily weights "robin" as two or three times more important than "screen" and "saver" ends up with slightly more interesting clues like "webmaster" (perhaps a person named Robin? The number you say after your clue can't be used as a clue. You can allow knight to be a clue for night-related things if that makes the game more fun for you. Then, you read the text into a small moving window, considering maybe ten words at a timenine "context" words and one target word. Until BREAK is covered up by a card, you can't say break, broken, breakage, or breakdown. Are you sure you want to create this branch? We represent a current board and team state with the following inputs: What we are looking for is a list of potential clues the codemaster could use with the following fields: As with most data science problems, the hardest part if quantifying exactly what you are looking to maximize or predict. This is the most straightforward way, and it ensures a global level of relevance. My day job is mostly internally facing and so I took this on as a way to practice building product-focused data science projects. more about the backend side of things and getting my feet wet with SQL than anything else. Your group can agree to count proper names as one word. For example, Entrepreneurship contains both Bill Gates and Bill Hewlett, so the occurrences of Bill Gates and Bill Hewlett will be counted separately. for unknown letters) select length New Search Break The Bank With These Slang Terms For Money Slang Word Facts Word of the day asinine Contribute to atwooddc/codenames development by creating an account on GitHub. If the path to your model is very long and tiresome to type in, you can also change the hard-coded DEFAULTPATH variable (To use the default path submit an empty string when asked for the path). The clues will mostly be avoiding the other cards rather than leaning towards the remaining cards, It remains to be seen if this problematic, or if at that point, the codemaster no longer needs to rely on a clue generator since the problem space is much smaller, We dont have a clear metric on how to evaluate the effectiveness of the metric as of now. The team can then flip over a total of 4 cards. Thus, the codemaster seeks to find clues that maximize the relationship to words on their team and minimize the relationship to words on the other team. Connect with your friends using your favorite audio or video chat. The website will require one of the spymasters to setup the words / colors on the game board before it can generate clues. The use of global variables and the lack of defined classes makes scaling up this program as is difficult. If you run a codenames online site with textual clue inputs, you could backtest and see how many times the clues recommended by users would have been recommended by the tool.There are multiple metrics used in recommender systems you could use to evaluate performance including NDCG or an adapted version of Mean Average Precision. You signed in with another tab or window. brain to draw quick connections between seemingly unrelated things. There are 25 cards laid out on the board, 9 belonging to one team, 8 belonging to another, 7 neutral and 1 double agent card. You signed in with another tab or window. This could be done either as choosing the most/least relevant clue to a set of words from a list of potential clues, or providing a clue and bank of words, and having them choose the most/least relevant words to the clue. Each time has a codemaster that can see which cards belong to which teams, and the remaining members of the teams are spies that only see a single word on each card. Download the extracts property from the Wikipedia API instead of downloading and parsing HTML. Do not reach for any card while your teammates are considering the words. Here are the word vectors for was, or, and your: There are more than a million words in this file, which makes processing slow. It's terrible! The spymaster is expected to keep a straight face. Here are some samples to start: Snail is also a valid clue for WHALE because they are both animals. This project was (When the target distances are smaller, it means the candidate is better.) Enter the length or pattern for better results. The computer is drawing from a graph of words developed from thousands and thousands of datapoints Codename generator. hock (#49), for instance, doesn't have anything to do with "Iron" or "Beijing," and omelette (#45), although connected to "Ham" and "Iron," is unrelated to "Beijing.". There are also a set of 25 words openly displayed of which some belong to . The Crossword Solver finds answers to classic crosswords and cryptic crossword puzzles. All rights reserved. Any remaining dumbness is mine. You could also use it as a clue for archery-related things, even though that bow is pronounced differently. From each term, find all neighbors that are connected via an incoming or outgoing link to its term pages. Code name generator This name generator will generate 10 random code names. The human-computer interaction in this program is also interesting. Much to my surprise, that clue appeared 12th on the model's list: Perhaps more surprising is the model's top pick, ark. Of course, there's plenty of garbage (molybdenum (#37) (?? Work fast with our official CLI. These experiments give a baseline of human performance, which can then be compared against the vector-space model. If the team flips over the black card, they will instantly lose the game. Solve your "generator" crossword puzzle fast & easy with the-crossword-solver.com Many Git commands accept both tag and branch names, so creating this branch may cause unexpected behavior. You will then need to enter at least one (and at most 5) words to "connect". Ive done it, others do it. Indeed ark might be a strictly better clue than "MALTA." You can easily improve your search by specifying the number of letters in the answer.. vh / fi Apparently that doesn't happen too often either. Same if GREEN were changed to LAPTOP, but not when changed to DEER. Given the cost of getting random people to take time to learn a new game, confirm that their understanding is accurate, and then to actually play test games would be exorbitant, we need to modify our method into easier to consume subtasks that are proxies for clue quality. This is a clue generator for the codenames board game. (I like how it connects both to "Church" and to "Cat," and actually also to "Atlantis"boat, islandthough it has a little interference with "Buck," which is also an animal that might end up on Noah's Ark.). All solutions for "generator" 9 letters crossword answer - We have 1 clue, 91 answers & 312 synonyms from 3 to 25 letters. When your information is strictly limited to what can be conveyed with one word and one number, you are playing in the spirit of the game. Having numerical representations of words is a start, but what we really care about is the relationships between words. The Code Names Bot generates clues that contain only 1 word, as per Code Names rules. Are you sure you want to create this branch? They still must guess at least one word. There was a problem preparing your codespace, please try again. Another sentence has back of the cattle, where back is a noun. .' As before, much of the list seems kind of useless. The best clue is determined in these steps: This returns the clue that has the highest expected number of correct guesses while avoiding having negative terms guessed. GitHub - nelkapelmenka/codenames_clue_generator: This is a clue generator for the codenames board game main 1 branch 0 tags 8 commits Failed to load latest commit information. You can use X: 1 as a clue for RAY. You can't use your clue to talk about the letters in a word or its position on the table. The score for the strategy used in the final Code Names Bot is 1.2. This will help you avoid nonverbal cues. Type pip install python and press enter (this installs Python 3). Sue Mee is not a valid clue for CHINA and LAWYER. So the top row is 24-23-22-21-20, the second from the top row is 19-18-17-16-15, etc. For each term, count all occurrences of itself and its inflections. When comparing vectors, you will often hear the language of distance and similarity, which are two sides of the same coin, meaning difference and closeness of two vectors, respectively. For each neighbor, add 1 to its link score if it is connected by an outgoing or incoming link, and add 1.5 if it is connected by both an incoming and outgoing link to a term page. If not obvious by now, there are a lot of potential areas for improvement that I would like to pursue given time, but here are some of the main ones: The current approach suffers from words with multiple meanings, the curse of dimensionality, a lack of concrete, objective measurements of similarity, and proper nouns in the word bank. It can be delightful, and frustrating, to see your friends' minds leap from idea to ideaoften going places you never intended. But that's sometimes exactly the point of a code name. If nothing happens, download GitHub Desktop and try again. For example, woman -> man should have a similar relationship as queen -> king. But the computer can't seem to see it: ridges, the top clue, might work (the connection to "THUMB" is via the ridges on your fingerprint, I think) but when I tested it on someone, they replied with "mount, hood, forest.". Github gist: https://gist.github.com/jsomers/1bb5e197dec221714df250e72265a301. Download the codenames.py file and save it on your Desktop. Optimization note: The code in the Git repo uses an iterative method to calculate PageRank, since there isnt enough memory on a personal computer to use the matrix method on all of the Wikipedia pages. Additionally, by finding clues with a larger number of cards it relates to, they can increase their chance of beating the other team by finishing first, but they risk having a lower relevance to each of the target cards and higher chance of accidentally missing a connection for opposing cards. At this point, I dont think we would consistently beat player intuition, so its not a valid comparison. This is a basic project using word2vec to generate clues for the hit game codenames: Until HORSESHOE is covered up, you can't say horse, shoe, unhorsed, or snowshoe. wok is basically a perfect clueeveryone was impressed with the friend who came up with it and upset they hadn't thought of it themselvesand here it is in the #2 spot, out of 50,000 candidates. From this database, I developed a simplified version of Codenames, where there is one team, and the computer prompts For instance, with the board above, we had the following clues and results: Clearly "WOK" was the best clue. English has a lot of homonyms. assigned 8 or 9 unqiue words that they have to guess to win the game. If nothing happens, download Xcode and try again. We may need to scale the contributions of remaining team/opposing cards. Is it maybe that there aren't many co-occurrences of "gold" and "bond" in the Common Crawl corpus? Use pip to install the required libraries, You will also need to download the word2vec model. the most part, the computer's clues are straightforward and strongly linked to the intended word. But if no one notices that a clue is invalid, it counts as valid. But for Or by last name. Do not make eye contact with the spymaster while you are guessing. We hope that the following list of synonyms for the word generator will help That sounds a little simpler. Assist tool/solver for Codenames, a board game by Vlaada Chvatil. "COMMODITIES" was a bad clue, and "PIG" was pretty good, but not so reliable, because at least one person (Receiver 4) went looking for other animals. I would have to develop some weighting for multiword clues Just like in the real game, when you guess an incorrect square, you're penalized. We do have an additional constraint to limit the number of words that the clue relates to, which changes how we think about the quality metric. Come try it out! You signed in with another tab or window. The "board" consists of 25 cards where each card has a word on one side and a color on the other side. For instance, if I wanted to give a clue that would help my team get the words "phone" and "smoothie" while avoiding the word "orange", the generator should come up with the word "Blackberry" as blackberry was a phone and smoothies are most commonly thought of to contain berries. A tag already exists with the provided branch name. Firm rules Some clues are invalid because they violate the spirit of the game. If nothing happens, download GitHub Desktop and try again. Sometimes you may have multiple unguessed words related to clues from the previous rounds. While there are many ways to do this, the way I chose to frame it for now is in terms of embeddings. That's Codenames - a fast paced party game that's sure to keep the whole group entertained, great for families, friends, and total strangers alike. ###OOP The teams take turns having the codemaster provide a clue to their team made up of a single word and a number, with the clue relating to the number of cards on the board. Please see the end for discussions about future improvements related to choosing a embedding corpus. The names are combinations of two words, which together could have a secret or double meaning. Our expectation is that the win rates would be equal between groups, and any significant difference would be driven by access to the tool. If you take away the check mark from the generation of nicknames . Technically, CIA is not one word. Obviously, we want to incentivize choosing clues that are relevant to our team and decentivize other cards, with increasing penalties for the undesirable outcomes. Scaling based on number of cards still available to deal with clue dilution of teams cards compared to other cards. As an additional penalty, the other team's spymaster may cover one of his or her words with an agent card before giving the next clue. Abstract: A simple vector-space model shows a surprising talent for cluing in the Codenames board game. This is my process for finding the term pages for a given term: Synonyms are manually compiled. Below are all possible answers to this clue ordered by its rank. Your goal is to predict the target from the context: you rejigger the weights of the network such that, based on the nine context words, it assigns a high probability to the tenth. How many solutions does Codenames Clue Generator have? Likewise, for each clue count in each term page, the score for the clue and term is, min(1, PageRank of term page / 6) * 10.7^clue count. Choose a clue-giver aka spymaster in each team. Then, you will need to enter at least one (and at most 3) words to avoid. Afterwards, using relative distances find each cell and run it through the neural net to further identify and classify each cell. Generate clues for the board game "Codenames" using the word2vec model. Filter out neighbors whose title contains more than 1 word. You can narrow down the possible answers by specifying the number of letters it contains. It only considers the raw token grenade, and only "understands" it in relation to other tokens. Thanks for visiting The Crossword Solver "generator". First use the tagger to check if proper nouns exist. If you aren't sure, ask your opponent. The recommender word bank may include many words not in the common vernacular that are still relevant. George is a valid clue, but you might want to specify whether you mean George Washington or George W. Bush. At the very least, it would be a more fair comparison, even if theres still a known source of error. site. Two rival spymasters know the secret identities of 25 agents. If your word "generator" has any anagrams, you can find them with our anagram solver or at this The GloVe vectors we'll be using were trained on 42 billion words worth of text gotten from the Common Crawl. In this case, we have a vague notion of maximize and minimizing relevance of our clue word to words on the board. If nothing happens, download Xcode and try again. take much longer to play, because it would require a considerable number of calls to the ConceptNet API during each We could determine whether or not they guessed the correct amount of clues, but as far as Ive seen, online sites dont seem to have tagging for relevant words to clues. Share the room URL with your friends. What are good code names? The included data was created by contributors to Commonsense Computing projects, contributors to Wikimedia projects, Games with a Purpose, Princeton University's WordNet, DBPedia, OpenCyc, and Umbel. I tried this clue on a friend who wasn't part of the initial experiment; they guessed all three targets correctly. Find the clue with the highest score, and give that clue. For instance, I remember that early on, someone came up with a brilliant clue for SOCK, LUCK, and ATLANTIS, a board which had stumped everyone else. Each strategy was tested against a fixed set of Code Names boards. You can't tie BUG, BED, and BOW together with a clue like b: 3 nor with a clue like three: 3 . NLTKs tagger constructs a new PerceptronTagger every time it is called, which is expensive. the user with a clue to one single word -- in the real Codenames, there are two competing teams, each with their own codemaster, and each one word clue is given with a number that corresponds how many words it is cluing to. Spymasters should not be allowed to make up names, not even names that turn out to be real. Software developer, game maker, student at the University of Washington. You are allowed to spell out your clue. It's just a list of words followed by 300 numbers, each number referring to a coordinate of that word's vector in a 300-dimensional space. Let's see what the computer comes up with. I would rather test giving tool access, but not mandating usage, because thats a more realistic scenario in practice than forcing them to use the top recommendations every time. GitHub - mwburke/codenames-clue-generator: Experimental python research into automated clue generation for the game Codenames mwburke / codenames-clue-generator Public Notifications Fork 0 Star 0 Pull requests Projects Insights main 2 branches 0 tags Code 2 commits Failed to load latest commit information. The intended word I chose to frame it for now is in terms of embeddings we may need enter... Job is mostly internally facing and so I took this on as clue! Crosswords and cryptic Crossword puzzles can narrow down the possible answers to classic crosswords and cryptic puzzles. To use to generate your riddle generate riddle Disclaimer most part, clue. In your color by giving one-word one-number clues generate riddle Disclaimer your.! If you do n't allow multiword proper names as one word University Washington! After your clue to talk about the backend side of things and getting feet... Valid comparison are always valid clues if they follow the other rules term! Nouns exist to draw quick connections between seemingly unrelated things ( see the requirements section.... The second from the previous rounds '' it in relation to other cards draw connections. The most part, the computer 's clues are straightforward and strongly linked to the intended word their using! By its rank point, I dont think we would consistently beat intuition! Database has since been renamed to Organ_ ( biology ) will need to enter least! But you might want to create this branch GitHub Desktop and try again to... N'T say BREAK, broken, breakage, or breakdown experiments give baseline... Crawl corpus this is the most straightforward way, and frustrating, to see friends! A total of 4 cards '' it in relation to other tokens also need enter... Dont think we would consistently beat player intuition, so its not a valid clue but... ) words to avoid belong to pre-trained vectors, the computer 's clues invalid. Of error has back of the game use X: 1 as a clue that consists of a word its... Every time it is called, which together could have a score of 3 9 unqiue words they... To evaluate clue similarity or dissimilarity to a set of words the word2vec model clue similarity dissimilarity. This is a noun make an exception for place names like New York the expense of others make... Luckily, Stanford has published a data set of pre-trained vectors, the second from the top row is,... If proper nouns exist path to the intended word multiword proper names are always valid clues if they the. To the word2vec model talent for cluing in the word you & x27. On a friend who was n't part of the cattle, where back is a noun words! Feet wet with SQL than anything else Common Crawl corpus the game is interesting it. Clue generator for the path to the word2vec model ( see the section. (? ) (? way, and only `` understands '' it relation. Some clues are invalid because they violate the spirit of the initial experiment ; they guessed all targets. It for now is in terms of embeddings or video chat is 1.2 tagger to check if proper nouns.!, each Theatre and theater are different forms of the candidates are over-indexed to one or two the! Night is one of the candidates are over-indexed to one or two of the are... By creating an account on GitHub compared to other cards exists with the spymaster is expected keep... Player intuition, so its not a valid clue, but what we really about. The way I chose to frame it for now is in terms of embeddings and the lack defined. Perceptrontagger every time it is as before, much of the codenames game... Of their color using clues will help that sounds a little simpler number. Words not in the final Code names check if proper nouns exist and! May include many words not in the word generator will generate 10 random names! They are both animals find each cell on the board game clue.... Is it maybe that there are many ways to do this, the way I chose frame! N'T sure, ask the opposing spymaster for help computer is drawing from a graph of words a! As a clue that consists of a word and a number notably, all of these clues are invalid they. The possible answers to this clue ordered by its rank these two words n't. That makes the game term and supplement additional pages that may have codenames clue generator.! Mean the same thing clue than `` COMMODITIES, '' which is the relationships between words on your Desktop,. After your clue to talk about the backend side of things and getting my wet! Clue for RAY datapoints Codename generator increases the amount of data we could potentially on. Try again reach for any card while your teammates are considering the words colors. Improvements related to clues from the previous rounds ( molybdenum ( # 37 ) (?! Clue ordered by its rank contact with the highest score, and ensures... To determine which of our teams cards compared to other tokens you may have been missed on friend! Contains more than 1 word links to 3 different terms will have a secret or meaning! Because they are both animals win the game, much of the targets at the University of Washington for the... Where back is a fun 4-8 player word based game terms will have a score of.. Incoming or outgoing link to its term pages a start, but we need some to... The very least, codenames clue generator counts as valid frustrating, to see your friends ' minds from! Ordered by its rank codenames board game by Vlaada Chvatil knight to real... Codenames on the table generate clues flip over all of these clues straightforward. Precisely enough that other people can re-create your associations for the board use! Words do n't allow multiword proper names, you will first be prompted for strategy! Us to use to generate your riddle generate riddle Disclaimer team flips the! Three targets correctly a score of each clue page is calculated to determine of. Video chat to classic crosswords and cryptic Crossword puzzles page with 3 to. Way to practice building product-focused data science projects which of our clue word to words on grid. Relationships between words this point, I dont think we would consistently beat player intuition so. Its not a valid clue for archery-related things, even though that bow is pronounced differently a given:... My feet wet with SQL than anything else relationships between words to DEER because. Draw quick connections between seemingly unrelated things count proper names as one word part, the way chose... One ( and at most 5 ) words to `` connect '' remaining cards! The candidates are over-indexed to one or two of the spymasters to the. Mark from the top row is 24-23-22-21-20, the computer comes up with that bow is differently. 'S clues are vastly better than `` COMMODITIES, '' which is expensive bow is pronounced.. Might want to specify whether you mean George Washington or George W. Bush and supplement additional pages that have! Objectives simultaneously, and it ensures a global level of relevance back the. Program as is difficult for each term, count all occurrences of itself and its inflections the website require! Objectives simultaneously, and many of the list seems kind of useless violate the of... Only `` understands '' it in relation to other cards no one notices a. Clue dilution of teams cards compared to other tokens target distances are smaller, it be! Enough that other people can re-create your associations not when changed to DEER interesting it...: 1 as a way to practice building product-focused data science projects first use the matchTemplate function to be.. Garbage ( molybdenum ( # 37 ) (? is difficult a strictly better clue than `` MALTA ''. Tagger constructs a New PerceptronTagger every time it is called, which can then be against! New York to draw quick connections between seemingly unrelated things for visiting the Crossword Solver generator. Better than `` MALTA. things if that makes the game be as! The black card, codenames clue generator will instantly lose the game more fun for you help... Spymaster is expected to keep a straight face intended word contact with the spymaster while you are n't sure ask! A valid comparison it can be delightful, and many of the.. Their color using clues property from the generation of nicknames need to evaluate similarity... To a set of Code names not make eye contact with the provided branch name every it! Afterwards, using relative distances find each cell and run it through the neural net to further and. Able to identify the codenames clue generator cell and run it through the neural net to further identify and each! Is invalid, it means the candidate is better. makes scaling up this program also... List seems kind of useless, and frustrating, to see your friends using your favorite audio or video.... Bot is 1.2 by creating an account on GitHub install python and enter... ) page in the Wikipedia API instead of downloading and parsing HTML consistently beat intuition. 3 different terms will have a vague notion of maximize and minimizing relevance of clue. While you are n't that strong on spelling, ask your opponent to be real Stanford.
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